Political polarization refers to the increasing division and divergence of political views and beliefs within a society. This can manifest in various ways, such as increasing ideological extremism, growing hostility and animosity between political factions, and a decreased willingness to compromise or find common ground. Political polarization can have significant implications for a society, leading to increased gridlock in government, decreased cooperation and bipartisanship, and a breakdown of civil discourse. Researchers in this area strive to understand the causes and consequences of political polarization, as well as explore potential solutions to mitigate its effects.